Leaching of saflufenacil in soils with different organic matter contents

Saflufenacil is a herbicide recommended for use in the main agricultural crops in Brazil to control eudicotyledonous weeds. However, the application of saflufenacil has been carried out without previous knowledge of this herbicide interactions with soil colloids, which may increase environmental contamination risks. In this study, the leaching of saflufenacil in soil samples was estimated with different organic matter contents. Therefore, PVC columns were filled with samples of Xanthic Ferralsol (XF) and Ferralsol (F), with different physical and chemical attributes. Twelve hours after herbicide (70 g i.a. ha-1) application, the PVC columns were subjected to a rainfall of 60 mm. For the evaluation of saflufenacil leaching, the columns were sectioned in ten parts with 5-cm each. Saflufenacil leached up to 50 and 40 cm deep in the samples, with the lowest contents of organic matter of XF and F, respectively. The increase in organic matter content of Ferralsol and Xanthic Ferralsol samples reduced saflufenacil leaching and the symptoms of intoxication in the indicator species. There was an inverse relation between the content of organic matter and the leaching of the herbicide in both soils studied. It was observed that the application of saflufenacil in soils with low organic matter contents may represent a significant environmental contamination risk of soils and watercourses.

Influence of Organic Matter in Sorption of the Saflufenacil in Ferralsols.

The saflufenacil herbicide has been applied in the agricultural areas as an efficient alternative for the control of resistant weeds to glyphosate. However, the environmental risks from the use of saflufenacil, especially in tropical soil, is not yet clearly known. We evaluated if the organic matter addition into the soil influences the sorption of saflufenacil in samples of a sandy and clayey texture soils. The sugarbeet was used as a species indicating the presence of saflufenacil in the solution of the substrates. We estimated the required dose of saflufenacil responsible for causing 50% of sugarbeet intoxication (C50) and the sorption ratio (SR) of this herbicide. The addition of organic matter increased the C50 and SR of saflufenacil in both soils. Here it is demonstrated that the soil organic matter content increases saflufenacil sorption in tropical soils and, consequently influences the dose of this herbicide to be applied in pre-emergence of weeds.

Influence of Glyphosate Formulations on the Behavior of Sulfentrazone in Soil in Mixed Applications.

The selection of weed biotypes that are resistant to glyphosate has increased the demand for its use mixed with other herbicides, such as sulfentrazone. However, when chemical molecules are mixed, interactions may occur, modifying the behavior of these molecules in the environment, such as the sorption and desorption in soil. In this study, we hypothesized that the presence of glyphosate-formulated products might increase the sorption or decrease the desorption of sulfentrazone, thereby increasing the risk of the contamination of water resources. Therefore, our work aimed to evaluate the sorption, desorption, and leaching of sulfentrazone in the soil in an isolated and mixed application with different glyphosate formulations. The sorption coefficients (Kfs) for the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ready, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ultra, and sulfentrazone + Zapp Qi foram were 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, and 1.9, respectively. The desorption coefficients (Kfd) for the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ready, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ultra, and sulfentrazone + Zapp Qi foram were 65.7, 125.2, 733.3 and 239.8, respectively. The experiments demonstrated that the sorption and desorption of sulfentrazone in combination with the other formulated glyphosate products are altered, supporting the hypothesis suggested by this work, i.e., that the presence of other molecules is a factor that affects the behavior of herbicides in the soil. This phenomenon altered the vertical mobility of sulfentrazone. Situations involving mixtures of pesticides should be evaluated in order to improve our understanding of the dynamics of these molecules and thus avoid environmental contamination.

Estimation of sulfentrazone sorption in isolated application and mixed with glyphosate / Estimativa da sorção do sulfentrazone na aplicação isolada e em mistura com glifosato

The use of herbicides belonging to a single mechanism of action for several consecutive years in the same area may lead to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to herbicides. Weeds resistant to glyphosate have been problem worldwide. As an alternative control, farmers have used glyphosate mixed with sulfentrazone. When two herbicides are mixed, the parameters that govern the behaviour of herbicides in the soil can be altered. In this study, the sorption of sulfentrazone was estimated when applied in isolation with glyphosate formulations. For this, increasing doses of sulfentrazone were applied using Red-Yellow Latosol substrate and washed sand. Each dose of sulfentrazone was applied in a mixture with 1080 g a. e. ha-1 Roundup Ready®, Roundup Ultra® and Zapp Qi®. To evaluate the presence of sulfentrazone in the soil solution, Sorghum bicolor was used as an indicator species. Symptoms of intoxication were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing. At 21 days after sowing, the plants were collected and dried in an oven at 70 ± 10 °C to determine the dry matter. Based on the intoxication of the indicator plants, it was verified that, regardless of the formulation, the presence of glyphosate in the mixture increased the sorption of sulfentrazone in the Red-Yellow Latosol. However, based on dry matter accumulation, sulfentrazone sorption increased because of the mixture with Roundup Ultra®, but decreased due to the presence of Roundup Ready® and Zapp Qi®. Therefore, the application of sulfentrazone in mixture with glyphosate alters the sorptive forces of sulfentrazone in a Red-Yellow Latosol.

A utilização de herbicidas pertencentes a um único mecanismo de ação por vários anos consecutivos na mesma área pode levar a seleção de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas. Plantas daninhas resistentes ao glyphosate têm sido problema no mundo inteiro. Como alternativa de controle, os agricultores têm utilizado glyphosate em mistura com sulfentrazone. Quando se misturam duas moléculas herbicidas, os parâmetros que governam o comportamento de herbicidas no solo podem ser alterados. Neste estudo foi estimada a sorção do sulfentrazone quando aplicado de forma isolada e em mistura com formulações de glyphosate. Para isso, doses crescentes de sulfentrazone foram aplicadas utilizando-se como substrato Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e areia lavada. Cada uma das doses de sulfentrazone foi aplicada em mistura com 1080 g ha-1 de glyphosate comercializado nas formulações Roundup Ready®, Roundup Ultra® e Zapp Qi®. Para avaliar a presença do sulfentrazone na solução do solo utilizou-se o Sorghum bicolor como espécie indicadora. Os sintomas de intoxicação foram avaliados aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a semeadura. Aos 21 dias após a semeadura, as plantas foram coletadas e secadas em estufa a 70 ±10C para determinação da matéria seca. Com base na intoxicação das plantas indicadoras, verificou-se que, independente da formulação, a presença glyphosate na mistura, aumentou a sorção do sulfentrazone no Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. No entanto com base no acúmulo de matéria seca, constatou-se que a sorção do sulfentrazone aumentou em função da mistura com Roundup Ultra®, mas diminuiu devido a presença de Roundup Ready® e Zapp Qi®. Conclui-se que a aplicação de sulfentrazone em mistura com glyphosate altera as forças sortivas do sulfentrazone no Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo.

Effects of weed management and plant arrangements on yield index of sweet sorghum / Eefeito do manejo de plantas daninhas e arranjo de plantas nos índices de produtividade do sorgo sacarino

Sweet sorghum is currently an important alternative for ethanol production in sugar cane off-season. In this study was to evaluate the effects of plant arrangements and the application of atrazine and S-metolachlor on growth and productivity of sweet sorghum. An experiment was conducted in randomized block design and, arranged in split plots with four repetitions. Plots consisted of spacing (0.25 m, 0.45 m 0.45-0.45-0.90 m) and sub-plots of weed control methods - atrazine (2000 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 720 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 960 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 1200 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 1440 g ha-1). Besides that, manual hoeing control was added. The intoxication of sorghum plants and weed control was evaluated at 7, 14 e 28 days after herbicides application (DAA). Plant height, stem diameter, total fresh matter, juice mass and total soluble solids (°Brix) were evaluated at 120 days after crop emergence (DAE). There was no interaction between the factors spacings and control method for variables total matter fresh (TMF), height (H), stem diameter (D), juice mass (JM), and Brix. Application of the mixture (atrazine + S-metolachlor) in the highest doses reduced total fresh matter and °Brix. The spacing of 0.25 m provided the highest productivity of fresh matter, juice mass and increased the °Brix. The application of mixture (atrazine + S-metolachlor) controlled 90% of the weeds at 28 days after application. The increasing in doses of S-metolachlor elevates the intoxication in sorghum plants. The mixture (atrazine + S-metolachlor) has a potential for use in weed control in sweet sorghum, but at doses below 960 g ha-1 of S-metolachlor.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de arranjos de plantas e dos herbicidas atrazine e S-metolachlor sobre o crescimento e a produtividade do sorgo sacarino. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas avaliaram-se os espaçamentos entrelinhas (0,25 m, 0,45 m e 0,45-0,45-0,90 m) e nas subparcelas os métodos de controle das plantas daninhas: atrazine (2000 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 720 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 960 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 1200 g ha-1), atrazine + S-metolachlor (2000 + 1440 g ha-1), capina manual e ausência de controle. Aos 7, 14 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas foi avaliado a intoxicação das plantas de sorgo e o nível de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura. Aos 120 dias após a emergência da cultura avaliou-se altura de plantas, diâmetro de colmo, massa fresca total, massa de caldo e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (Brix). Não houve interação entre os fatores espaçamentos e o método de controle para as variáveis massa fresca total (TMF), altura (H), diâmetro do caule (D), peso do suco (JM) e Brix. O controle das plantas daninhas e a intoxicação visual do sorgo aumentaram linearmente com o incremento das doses do S-metolachlor. O crescimento da cultura e os teores de Brix foram reduzidos pela aplicação da associação entre atrazine + S-metolachlor. A escolha do espaçamento de entrelinha influenciou nos componentes de rendimento da cultura. Conclui-se que, o espaçamento de 0,25 m de entrelinhas proporcionou maior produtividade de matéria fresca e de Brix do caldo. A associação entre atrazine e S-metolachlor tem potencial para o uso no controle de plantas daninhas em sorgo sacarino, em doses abaixo de 960 g ha-1 de S-metolachlor.

Multivariate analysis reveals significant diuron-related changes in the soil composition of different Brazilian regions.

Sorption and desorption determine the amount of an herbicide in soil solution. Therefore, knowledge of the sorption and desorption coefficients in different soils is an essential factor to estimate the potential for environmental contamination by herbicides. We evaluated the feasibility of multivariate and linear discriminant analyses to predict the sorption and desorption capacity of a soil for diuron, one of the most used herbicides on sugarcane plantations. The adsorptive capacity in twenty-seven Brazilian soil samples was estimated using the sorption constant (Kfs) and desorption constant (Kfd) obtained by the Freundlich isotherms. The regression model was created from the sorbed and nonsorbed concentrations of diuron in soils. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography was applied to quantify the diuron concentrations. The multivariate analysis separated the soils into four groups considering the similarity of the following attributes: pH, organic matter, clay, and base saturation. The groups showed a similar pattern of sorption and desorption for diuron: Lom-Lclay: low sorption (5.9 ± 1.2) and high desorption (10.9 ± 0.6); Lclay: low sorption (7.5 ± 1.1) and high desorption (11.4 ± 1.3); Hom-Hclay: high sorption (11.2 ± 1.2) and low desorption (13.8 ± 1.2); HpH-Hclay: high sorption (10.1 ± 1.1) and medium desorption (11.5 ± 1.4). Linear discriminant analysis of these soil attributes was used to classify other soils described in the literature with adsorption capacity. This analysis was able to identify soils with high and low sorption using the pH, organic matter, clay, and base saturation, demonstrating the enormous potential of the technique to group soils with different contamination risks for subterranean waters. Sugarcane crops in northeastern Brazil showed a higher pollution risk through the leaching of diuron. Multivariate analysis revealed significant diuron-related changes in the soil composition of different Brazilian regions; therefore, this statistical analysis can be used to improve understanding of herbicide behavior in soils.

Physiological quality of bean seeds after application of desiccant herbicides / Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão após aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes

ABSTRACT: The application of desiccant herbicides in the bean crop is fundamental in the production of quality seeds, since it anticipates the harvesting season, which makes it possible to obtain seeds in the period of physiological maturation, when they are reported with maximum accumulation of dry matter, high vigor levels and germination percentage. However, there is little information about the ideal application time of these products to obtain beans of high physiological quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of bean seeds after application of desiccant herbicides at different times in preharvest. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 2x3+1 factorial scheme, with four replications. Desiccant herbicides paraquat (400g ha-1) and paraquat + diuron (200 + 400g ha-1) were applied in three phenological stages (R8, R8/R9 and R9), plus one control (without herbicide application). Yield (Kg ha-1), mass of one thousand seeds (g), germination (%) and seed vigor were evaluated through tests of accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and primary root length. Application of paraquat molecule at the R8 stage and the paraquat + diuron mixture at the R8/R9 stage reduced the viability and vigor of the bean seeds, and compromised yield. Applications of the paraquat herbicide at the R8/R9 and R9 stages or of the mixture (paraquat + diuron) at the R9 stage preserved the physiological quality of the seeds without;however, affecting yield.

RESUMO: A aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes na cultura do feijoeiro é fundamental na produção de sementes de qualidade porque antecipa a época de colheita, o que possibilita a obtenção de sementes no período de maturação fisiológica, quando se encontram com máximo acúmulo de matéria seca, elevados níveis de vigor e alta porcentagem de germinação. Todavia, são escassas as informações acerca da época ideal de aplicação desses produtos na obtenção de sementes de feijão de alta qualidade fisiológica. Por essa razão, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão após aplicações de herbicidas dessecantes em diferentes épocas na pré-colheita. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x3+1, com quatro repetições. A aplicação dos herbicidas dessecantes paraquat (400g ha-1) e paraquat + diuron (200+400g ha-1) foi realizada em três estádios fenológicos (R8, R8/R9 e R9), mais uma testemunha (sem aplicação do herbicida). Avaliou-se a produtividade (Kg ha-1), a massa de mil sementes (g), a germinação (%) e o vigor das sementes por meio dos testes de envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e comprimento da raiz primária. A aplicação da molécula de paraquat no estádio R8 e da mistura paraquat + diuron no estágio R8/R9 reduziu a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes de feijão, além disso comprometeu a produtividade. Aplicações dos herbicidas paraquat nos estádios R8/R9 e R9 ou da mistura (paraquat + diuron) no estádio R9 preservaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, sem, entretanto, afetar a produtividade.

Sorption and desorption behavior of herbicide clomazone in soils from Brazil / Comportamento de sorção e dessorção do clomazone em solos do Brasil

The knowledge of the processes that affect soil herbicide behavior allows to developing practices that improve efficiency in chemical weed control and reduce the negative impacts of cropping-systems. In this research, we used HPLC to determine sorption and desorption of clomazone in Brazilian soil samples (Red-Yellow Latosol with liming and without liming, Red latosol with and without liming, and Organosol). To study clomazone sorption, we used the batch equilibrium method. Clomazone concentrations in soil samples were determined by HPLC. Desorption was quantitated using the samples contained in tubes after sorption testing, repeating the steps followed to quantify sorption. The Freundlich isotherm adequately describe clomazone sorption in all soils. Variation in pH in Red-Yellow Latosol and Red Latosol did not change clomazone sorption. The values of the Freundlich constant (Kf) indicate that clomazone sorption is higher in Organosol, followed by Red latosol (with liming) = Red latosol (without liming) > Red-Yellow Latosol (with liming) = Red-Yellow Latosol (without liming). We conclude that among the attributes evaluated, soil organic matter has the highest impact on clomazone sorption. There was a direct relationship between Kf values and organic matter content of the substrates. Desorption of clomazone was very low in the evaluated soils, with the exception of Organosol, where quantification of the herbicide was possible.

O conhecimento dos processos que afetam o comportamento de herbicidas no solo permite desenvolver práticas que melhorem a eficiência no controle químico de plantas daninhas e reduzam os impactos negativos do seu uso em sistemas agrícolas. Nesta pesquisa, utilizando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, foram determinadas a sorção e dessorção do clomazone em amostras de solos do Brasil (Latossolo VermelhoAmarelo com e sem calagem, Latossolo Vermelho com e sem calagem, e Organossolo). Para o estudo da sorção do clomazone foi utilizado o método Batch Equilibrium. As concentrações do clomazone nas soluções das amostras dos solos foram determinadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência após centrifugação e filtração das soluções. A dessorção foi quantificada utilizandoas amostras contidas nos tubos, após os ensaios de sorção repetindo-se os passos seguidos para quantificar a sorção. A isoterma de Freundlich ajustou-se adequadamente para descrever a sorção do clomazone em todos os solos estudados. As variações de pH nos Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e Latossolo Vermelho não alteraram a sorção do clomazone. Os valores de Kf indicam que oclomazone é mais sorvido no Organossolo seguindo a sorção em ordem decrescente para Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (com calagem), Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Vermelho (com calagem). Concluiu-se que dentre os atributos dos solos avaliados a matéria orgânica foi o que mais influenciou a sorção do clomazone. Observou-se relação direta entre valores de Kf e teores de matéria orgânica nos substratos. A dessorção do clomazone foi muito baixa nos solos avaliados, com excessão do Organossolo, onde foi possível a quantificação do herbicida.

Produtividade e teor de nutrientes do milho em consórcio com braquiária / Nutritional efficiency of maize in intercropping with signalgrass

Nos cultivos consorciados, a competição entre as espécies pelos recursos do meio pode inviabilizar o sistema. A intensidade da interferência de uma espécie sobre a outra, resultante dessa competição, depende da densidade populacional das espécies componentes do sistema. Na busca de melhor entendimento desses efeitos, avaliaram-se os efeitos de densidades de U. brizantha sobre o crescimento da forrageira e a eficiência nutricional e produtividade do milho em sistema consorciado. Os tratamentos foram casualizados em blocos com quatro repetições. O milho DHB 390 RR foi semeado no espaçamento de 0,50m e na população de 60000 plantas ha-1, sendo o plantio da braquiária realizado manualmente na linha de plantio. As avaliações nutricionais foram realizadas aos 60 dias após o plantio das espécies (DAP) e a produtividade de grãos do milho e a matéria seca da braquiária foi mensurada aos 160 DAP. A matéria seca da braquiária apresentou comportamento quadrático com o aumento da densidade de plantio. O aumento da densidade da U. brizantha resultou em redução linear dos teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio e magnésio em plantas de milho, no entanto, sem alterar os teores de potássio e enxofre. A produtividade de grãos foi afetada negativamente em densidade de braquiária superior a 15 plantas m-2. Conclui-se que a interferência da U. brizantha sobre o milho, em plantio simultâneo, reduz os teores de fósforo, cálcio e magnésio, independente da densidade de plantas. A produtividade de grãos e o teor de nitrogênio foram reduzidos em densidades de braquiária superiores a 15 plantas m-2 .

In intercropping competition among species for environmental resources can cripple the system. The amount of interference of one species over another as a result of this competition depends on the species population density which composed the system. In the search for better understanding these effects it was evaluated the effects of U. brizantha densities on forage growth and nutritional efficiency and productivity of maize in intercropping system. The treatments were randomized in blocks with four replications. The DHB 390 RR corn was sown at a spacing of 0.50m in the population of 60.000 plants ha-1, with the planting of brachiaria performed manually in rows. Nutritional assessments were performed at 60 after planting the species (DAP) and grain yield of maize and dry weight was measured for brachiaria 160 DAP. The dry matter brachiaria presented quadractricaly behaviour with the increasing planting density. The increased density of U. brizantha resulted in a linear reduction of the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in maize plants, however, without changing the levels of potassium and sulfur. Grain yield was negatively affected in density of more than 15 plants m-2 brachiaria. It is concluded that the interference of U. brizantha on corn planting simultaneously, reduces the levels of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium independent of density. Grain yield and total nitrogen were reduced by brachiaria densities higher than 15 plants m-2 .

Atividade microbiana do solo, controle de plantas daninhas e crescimento da mandioca após a aplicação de herbicidas / Soil microbial activity, weed control and growth of cassava after application of herbicide

São poucas as informações na literatura sobre herbicidas para aplicação em pós-emergência da cultura da mandioca e seus possíveis impactos na atividade microbiana do solo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação de herbicidas pós-emergentes em área total e dirigida na atividade microbiana de solo cultivado com mandioca, bem como seu efeito no controle das plantas daninhas e no crescimento inicial da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, no Distrito do Planalto, na cidade de Diamantina-MG. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram constituídos de uma testemunha capinada, uma testemunha cultivada sem o controle de plantas daninhas e a aplicação dos herbicidas: fluazifop-p-butil, fomesafen, glyphosate, paraquat e a mistura de herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil + fomesafem. De maneira geral, os herbicidas estudados apresentaram controle satisfatório das plantas daninhas presentes na área de plantio e causaram baixa intoxicação visual à mandioca. A mistura dos herbicidas fomesafen e fluazifop-p-butil promoveram um controle mais prolongado das plantas infestantes, mas com influência negativa à microbiota do solo. Os herbicidas paraquat e glyphosate apresentaram potencial para aplicação dirigida nas entrelinhas da mandioca.

There is little information in the literature on herbicides for post-emergence application of cassava and its potential impacts on soil microbial activity. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of postemergence herbicides in total area and direct microbial activity in soil cultivated with cassava, as well as its effect on weed control and early growth of the crop. The experiment was conducted in the field, in the Planalto District, the city of Diamantina-MG. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and treatments were made up of one weed control, one control grown without weed control and herbicide application: fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen, glyphosate, paraquat and the mixture herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafem. In general, the herbicides showed satisfactory control of weeds in the planting area and caused low toxicity to visual cassava. The mixture of herbicides fomesafen and fluazifop-p-butyl promoted a more prolonged control of weeds, but with negative influence on soil microbes. The herbicide paraquat and glyphosate showed potential for application directed between the lines of cassava.